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When files are moved between different operating systems, or stored in a common file organization such as AFS, you may sometimes discover that characters such as ÅÄÖ are shown incorrectly.

A character encoding determines which binary sequence is used to correspond each alphabetic character, or other grapheme. Many different means to encode text have been used throughout the years. CSC's Unix systems have traditionally used "Latin-1" (ISO-8859-1), which contains the letters used in western European languages. Other operating systems take used other encodings, east.thou. "Mac Roman" on Mac OS, "CP-1252" on MS Windows, or "CP-437" on MS DOS. All of these are extensions of ASCII (basically, American letters, digits and punctuation), which means that such characters are displayed correctly. But absolute letters differ. In item, the Swedish messages ÅÄÖ are not displayed correctly

These days, almost OSs can employ some form of UTF-8, merely y'all may demand to configure the applications to employ it. To do so you choose a locale, which defines formatting many settings specific to a language and region, for example:

• Number formatting (eastward.g. using "1 234,v" or "i,234.5")
• Date and fourth dimension formatting
• Cord collation (i.e. sort order, so that "ångström" is sorted nether A in English but Å in Swedish)

The locale is written equally «language»_«variant».«encoding», e.chiliad. "en_US.UTF-viii" (American English, UTF-viii) or "en_GB.ISO8859-one" (British English, latin-ane).

Wikipedia'due south explanation of latin1 (external link)

Wikipedia'due south caption of locales (external link)

Converting a file

To catechumen the contents of a file, you lot tin open information technology in a locale-aware editor, and "relieve every bit..."
a different encoding, or use the iconv control-line tool:

iconv -f iso8859-one -t utf-8 < original.txt > new.txt

When logging in remotely (with SSH), yous can normally configure your local settings to be forwarded. Unfortunately, non all SSH servers support this. Currently (equally of November 2010), CSC's Solaris SSH server does non allow forwarding of environs variables, which is needed for this to work. The relevant locales (en_US.UTF-viii, sv_SE.UTF-8) are available on Solaris, and you can set them manually, but they won't be used by default.

Problem: ÅÄÖ shown every bit ���

Your application uses latin1 characters, but your final (or editor) tries to display them equally UTF-8. Configure your application to use UTF-eight (see below), or change your terminal settings to use ISO-8859-1.

Trouble: ÅÄÖ shown as åäö

Your application uses UTF-8, but they are displayed as latin1. Configure your application to use ISO-8859-1 (see below), or change your terminal settings to use UTF-eight.

Problem: ÅÄÖ shown as ���

Your application is printing U+FFFD, the Unicode replacement character (�, usually displayed equally a question marker on inverted groundwork). This is then converted every bit if it were in latin1 to UTF-8 (a U+FFFD character in UTF-8 uses three bytes). Cheque the settings for all applications — including the final window — to ensure that they all agree on which encoding to use.

Select locale (application settings)

If your application is locale enlightened (about are, but non some legacy CSC applications), then you tin can select the locale by

export LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8 ## fustigate

setenv LC_ALL en_US.UTF-eight ## tcsh

and and then run your awarding. To only configure the grapheme encoding, change the LC_CTYPE environment variable instead.

You tin also select which locale to use when y'all log in locally, simply this may cause trouble when you lot use a different operating organisation. We recommend that you use the default settings and re-configure the applications instead.

Configuring concluding encoding

Ubuntu

The encoding used by Gnome'due south terminal can be alter under Final and and so Gear up Character Encoding, only unless y'all have previously done so, y'all demand to add the "Western (ISO-8859-1)" encoding.

Mac Os X

The default settings for Concluding.app is to use UTF-eight. This can be changed by going to Terminal and then Preferences… then Advanced.

The default for X11.app'south xterm is to use latin1. You can change this by editing the startup sequence for X11, merely it'due south easier to just utilise Terminal.app.

MS Windows

PuTTY's settings can be changed under Window and so Translation in the configuration dialog.

CSC's Windows computers currently run SSH Secure Crush from Tectia (formerly SSH Communications Security Corp). It is not UTF-8 enlightened, and will default to using latin1 encoding.

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Source: https://intra.kth.se/en/it/arbeta-pa-distans/unix/encoding-1.71788

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